Appendix B Science

B.2 Governing Equations

B.3 Scalar Conservation Equations

B.4 Numerical Scheme

B.4.1 Discrete System

B.4.2 Spatial Order

B.4.3 Mode Splitting

B.4.4 Flux Terms

B.4.4.1 Viscous Fluxes

B.4.4.1.1 Horizontal Viscous Fluxes

B.4.4.1.2 Vertical Viscous Fluxes

B.4.4.2 Inviscid Fluxes

B.4.4.2.1 Internal Mode

B.4.4.2.2 External Mode

B.4.4.2.3 Flux Correction

B.4.4.2.4 Scalar Inviscid Fluxes

B.4.4.3 Total Flux

B.4.4.4 Flux Spatial Integration

B.4.5 Computational Timestep

B.4.5.1 Stability Criterion

B.4.5.2 Model Timestep 2D

B.4.5.3 Model Timestep 3D

B.4.5.4 General Usage Guidance

B.4.6 Time Integration

B.4.7 Wetting and Drying

B.4.8 Source Terms

B.4.8.1 Bed Slope

B.4.8.2 Coriolis Force

B.4.8.3 Wind Stress

B.4.8.4 Bed Friction

B.4.8.5 Mean Sea Level and Baroclinic Pressure Gradients

B.4.8.6 Wave Radiation Stress

B.4.8.7 Scalar Decay

B.4.8.8 Scalar Settling

B.4.8.9 Other Sources/Sinks

B.5 Atmospheric Heat Exchange

B.5.1 Shortwave Radiation

B.5.1.1 Jacquet

B.5.1.2 Zillman

B.5.2 Longwave Radiation

B.5.2.2 Incident (Direct)

B.5.2.3 Incident (TVA)

B.5.2.4 Incident (Zillman)

B.5.2.5 Incident (Chapra)

B.5.3 Latent Heat Flux

B.5.3.1 Vapour Pressures and Specific Humidities

B.5.3.1.1 Magnus-Tetens

B.5.3.1.2 Lowe and Reed

B.5.3.1.3 Kondo Atmospheric Stability

B.5.3.2 Latent Heat of Vaporisation

B.5.3.2.1 Constant

B.5.3.2.2 Kondo

B.5.3.3 Latent Heat Flux

B.5.3.3.1 Evaporation Correction

B.5.4 Sensible Heat Flux

B.5.5 Total Heat Flux

B.6.1.1 CPU vs GPU Results

B.6.1.2 Compatible Graphics Cards

B.6.1.3 Updating NVIDIA Drivers

B.6.1.4 Troubleshooting

B.7 Horizontal Momentum Mixing Model

B.7.3 Smagorinsky

B.8 Horizontal Scalar Mixing Model

B.8.4 Smagorinsky

B.9 Wind Stress

B.10 Vertical Mixing Model

B.10.1.1 Parametric

B.10.1.2 K-Epsilon

B.10.1.3 K-Omega

B.10.1.4 Second Order Model

B.10.1.5 Lengthscale Limiter

B.10.1.6 Internal Wave Mixing Model

B.11.1 Mass Balance

B.12 Hydraulic Structures

B.12.1 Structure Types

B.12.1.2 Culverts

B.12.1.2.1 Culvert Regimes

B.12.1.2.2 Automatic Entry/Exit Loss Adjustment

B.12.1.2.3 Total Energy Head

B.12.1.2.4 Culvert File

B.12.1.3 Bridges

B.12.1.3.1 Form Loss Coefficient

B.12.1.3.2 Energy Loss Table

B.12.1.3.3 Energy Loss Considerations

B.12.1.4 User Defined Timeseries

B.12.1.5 Porous

B.12.1.6 User Defined Matrix

B.12.1.8 Bubble Plumes

B.12.2 Structure Connection Types